05 Microbar - Electronics and Electronic Component Assembly

!: 05 Microbar - Electronics and Electronic Component Assembly

Section 5 - Nuova Simonelli Microbar Electronics and Electronic Component Assembly: 1) Access 2) Transformer 3) Capacitors 4) Protection fuse 5) Display contrast adjustment 6) Jumper CN11 7) CN7 outlet 8) Main control board removal 9) Grounds tray micro switch

05 Microbar - Electronics and Electronic Component Assembly

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Goldsource® STU-1000 Step Up/Down Voltage Transformer Converter - AC 110/220 V - 1000 Watt

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Made by one of the leading manufacturers in the industry, the Goldsource STU series step up/down voltage transformers offer you a safe, reliable, affordable & convenient solution to converting voltages from 110-120 volts up to 220-240 volts or from 220-240 volts down to 110-120 volts for both home use & industrial applications.

The STU-1000 is rated at 1,000 watts maximum. It features a heavy-duty cord with a standard US 3-prong plug plus a free American to German outlet plug adapter. There are a total of three outputs on the front panel. Two are grounded outputs, one designated for 120 volts with a US standard outlet, the other for 220 volts only with a universal outlet. The last one is a 5V standard USB jack, a unique feature of the STU series & 1st in the industry. And most importantly, all three outputs can be used simultaneously & continuously.

For safety, it's recommended by the manufacturer that the voltage transformer's maximum power should be equal or greater than the power rating of your appliance multiplied by 1.5. For example, if you have an appliance rated at 100 watts, you will need to pick a transformer with a maximum power of 150 watts or greater.

• Step Up/Down transformer converts 220-240 volts down to 110-120 Volts or 110-120 volts up to 220-240 volts.
• Simultaneous 3-mode Output: 5V (USB) / 120V (Standard US outlet) / 220V (Universal outlet)
• Four input voltages selectable: 110V/120V/220V/240V
• All range fuse protection with two spare fuses included.
• CE certified & 3-year manufacturer's limited warranty.

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Accidental Damage from Handling (ADH) guards you against life's little mishaps, whether you drop your cell phone on the street or splash coffee on your laptop.  ADH must also be purchased within 30 days of when you bought your item. ADH coverage begins on the 31st day after the item's purchase - issues in the first 30 days are not covered. Upon purchase, you will get an email confirmation.  You will not be mailed a paper contract.  If you have questions, please call: 1.877.WARRANTY.

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Mesh Transformer Modular Airsoft Mask w/ Visor & Neck Guard - Black

• Full Modular mask strips down to just goggles!
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!: Sanjay Electrical And Electronics

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APC Products - APC - Back-UPS ES 650 Battery Backup System, 650VA, 8 Outlets, 365 J - Sold As 1 Each - Energy-efficient design. - Data line surge protection. - Four stage LED status display. - Audible alarms. - Transformer-block spaced outlets.

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APC - Back-UPS ES 650 Battery Backup System, 650VA, 8 Outlets, 365 J - Sold As 1 Each

Designed to use less energy during normal operation, this backup system provides enough power for you to work through short and medium length power outages. Data line protection safeguards your equipment from damaging surges and spikes that travel along utility and data lines. Four stage LED status display indicates On Line, On Battery, Replace Battery and Building Wiring Fault conditions. Continuous tone and two different chime alerts notify you of changing utility power and UPS conditions. Wide spaced outlets allow you to protect equipment that uses input transformer blocks without blocking access to other receptacles. Includes PowerChute auto-shutdown software. Protection Type: Cable Modem; DSL; Ethernet; Fax; Modem; Phone; Power; System VA: 650 VA; Backup Time at Half Load: 13.4 minutes @ 195 Watts; Lines: 1.

Energy-efficient design.

Data line surge protection.

Four stage LED status display.

Audible alarms.

Transformer-block spaced outlets.

Includes PowerChute® auto-shutdown software.
Includes ES 650 backup system, software CD, USB cable and user manual.

• Energy-efficient design.
• Data line surge protection.
• Four stage LED status display.
• Audible alarms.
• Transformer-block spaced outlets.

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This Intermatic Safety Transformer is specifically designed to supply 12 Volts to pool/spa light, submersible fixtures, and outdoor garden lights. A grounded shield between the primary and secondary windings assures safe operation and the built-in protect

• Designed to supply 12-Volt to pool/spa lights, submersible fixtures and outdoor garden lights
• Grounded shield between the primary and secondary windings
• Built-in circuit protection
• Stainless steel or steel with electrostatically applied light beige finish enclosure
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GFCI Protection

!: GFCI Protection

Are you familiar with that little button on the outlets in your bathroom or kitchen? Has it ever popped out on you when you had a blow dryer plugged in along it a curling iron and maybe one of two more electrical items plugged in? Did you know what to do? Have you ever dropped something into water while it was plugged into an outlet in your kitchen and it again popped the little button out? If so, then the GFCI was doing what it is supposed to do. A GFCI or ground fault circuit interrupt is there for your protection. It is the first line of defense when using an electrical appliance in a potentially hazardous location in your home. It really doesn't matter if you live in a concrete house or a wood house; the potential for electrocution is still dangerous because the conductivity of the house material is not relevant when it comes to electrical outlets in precast concrete or pre-fabricated houses. GFCI's can actually be used at a precast concrete manufacturer for the very same reason they are used in a home.

The GFCI device is an electrical wiring device that disconnects the circuit when it detects a difference in the current and it is no longer balanced. It can detect a difference of as little as four to six mille-amps or mA. What is life saving about these is that often the difference in the current is because the leakage is through the body of a person who is grounded. When that happens, the circuit can be shut off in a thirtieth of a second. If a person accidentally touches the energized part of a circuit and there is not a GFCI in the line, that shock could be lethal. Depending on where you are in the world, there are different names for the same device. In some parts of the world they are referred to as residual current devices (RCD), or residual current circuit breakers (RCCB). In the United States and Canada they are GFCI's or GFI, ground fault interrupter. Sometimes they are referred to as an ALCI or appliance leakage current interrupter.

In industrial settings the GFCI's can be used in utility structures and other areas. They serve the same purpose as a GFCI in any setting and are probably responsible for saving the lives of countless people around the world. Electricity is very powerful and must be respected. Even when the utmost care is taken however, accidents can still happen and if GFCI's are in place, some of those accidents won't be lethal. That is not to say you should ever let down your guard around electricity because there are cases when even a GFCI can't help you.

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Grounding Transformers - Electrical Design, Transformer Design, and Distribution Transformer Design

!: Grounding Transformers - Electrical Design, Transformer Design, and Distribution Transformer Design

Grounding is clearly one of the most important aspects of electrical design, but it steadfastly continues to be misinterpreted and misunderstood. Millions of dollars in liability and loss can be attributed to ground-fault arcing; thus, grounding-related issues should top the checklists of any electrical contractor.

Grounding Transformers:

Simply put, a grounding transformer is used to provide a ground path to either an ungrounded "Y" or a delta connected system. Grounding transformers are typically used to:

Provide a relatively low impedance path to ground, thereby maintaining the system neutral at or near ground potential Limit the magnitude of transient over voltages when re-striking ground faults occur Provide a source of ground fault current during line-to-ground faults Permit the connection of phase to neutral loads when desired

If a single line-to-ground fault occurs on an ungrounded or isolated system, no return path exists for the fault current, thus no current flows. The system will continue to operate but the other two un-faulted lines will rise in voltage by the square root of 3, resulting in overstressing of the transformer insulation and other associated components on the system by 173%. MOV lightning arresters are particularly susceptible to damage from heating by leakage across the blocks even if the voltage increase is not sufficient to flash over. A grounding transformer provides a ground path to prevent this.

Large multi-turbine wind farms provide an example of the use of grounding transformers for fault protection on ungrounded lines. In many wind farms the substation transformer provides the sole ground source for the distribution system. When a ground fault on a collector cable causes the substation circuit breaker for that cable to open, the wind turbine string becomes isolated from the ground source.

The turbines do not always detect this fault or the fact that the string is isolated and ungrounded; thus the generators continue to energize the collector cable, and the voltages between the un-faulted cables and the ground rise far above the normal voltage magnitude as described above. A grounding transformer placed on the turbine string provides a ground path in the event the string becomes isolated from the system ground.

Construction:

Grounding transformers are normally constructed either with

A ZigZag (Zn) connected winding with or without an auxiliary winding or As a Wye (Ynd) connected winding with a delta connected secondary that may or may not be used to supply auxiliary power

The geometry of the Zig-Zag connection is useful to limit circulation of third harmonics and can be used without a Delta connected winding or the 4- or 5-leg core design normally used for this purpose in distribution and power transformers. Eliminating the need for a secondary winding can make this option both less expensive and smaller than a comparable two-winding grounding transformer. Furthermore, use of a Zig-Zag transformer provides grounding with a smaller unit than a two-winding Wye-Delta transformer providing the same zero sequence impedance.

Wye connected grounding transformers, on the other hand, require either a delta connected secondary or the application of 4 or 5 leg core construction to provide a return flux path for unbalanced loading associated with this primary connection. Since it is often desirable to provide auxiliary power from the grounding transformer secondary winding, this benefit can sway the end user to specify a two-winding grounding transformer in lieu of a Zig-Zag connection. The current trend in wind farm designs is toward the Wye connected primary with a delta secondary.

It is important to understand that both Zig-Zag and two-winding grounding transformers can be provided with the ability to provide auxiliary power, and this can be either a Wye or Delta connected load.

A solidly grounded system using a grounding transformer offers many safety improvements over an ungrounded system. However, the ground transformer alone lacks the current limiting ability of a resistive grounding system. For this reason, neutral ground resistors are often used in conjunction with the grounding transformer to limit neutral ground fault current magnitude. Their ohm values should be specified to allow high enough ground fault current flow to permit reliable operation of the protective relaying equipment, but low enough to limit thermal damage.

How to Specify a Grounding Transformer

The basic parameters required for quoting a grounding transformer are:

Primary Voltage - This is the system voltage to which the grounded winding is to be connected. Don't forget to specify the BIL also. In some cases the BIL will be dictated by equipment considerations, such as 150 kV BIL ratings on 34500 volt wind farms because of the limitation on dead front connectors. Rated KVA - Because the grounding transformer is normally a short time device, its size and cost are less when compared with a continuous duty transformer of equal kVA rating. For this reason, grounding transformers are often not sized by "kVA" but by their continuous and short time current ratings. Regardless of how you rate it, the grounding transformer must be sized to carry the rated continuous primary phase current without exceeding its temperature limit. This load includes the magnetizing current of the core, the capacitive charging current for the cables, and any auxiliary load if applicable. The higher this value, the larger and more costly the transformer will be. Typical continuous current values can be as low as 5 amps to as high as a few hundred. Be sure to include any auxiliary loading requirements. Continuous Neutral Current - The continuous neutral current is defined as three times the phase to current, or in other words, the zero sequence current. This is usually considered to be zero if the system is balanced. However, for the purposes of designing a grounding transformer, it is a value that is expected to flow in the neutral circuit without tripping protective circuits (which would force the current to be zero) or the leakage current to ground that is not a symmetrical function. Again this value is needed to design for thermal capacity of the grounding transformer. Fault current and duration - This value is needed to calculate the short time heating that results from a fault on the system and should be determined from an engineered system study. Typical values for this range from a few hundred amps to a few thousand amps with duration times expressed in seconds and not cycles. For instance, a value of 400 amps for 10 seconds is typical. The fault duration is a critical parameter for the transformer designer. Where protection schemes use the grounding transformer for tripping functions, a relatively short time duration is specified (5 -10 seconds). On the other hand, a continuous or extended neutral fault current duration would be required when the grounding transformer is used in a ground fault alarm scheme. Impedance - The impedance can be expressed as a percentage or as an ohm value per phase. In either case it should be chosen so that the un-faulted phase voltages during a ground fault are within the temporary over-voltage capability of the transformer and associated equipment, such as arresters and terminal connectors. Because of this description, the values can vary from as low as 8% to almost 100%. This value must come from the system designer. Primary winding connection - Specify the type of primary connection, either Zig-Zag or grounded Wye. Secondary connection - specify the secondary voltage and connection when applicable. Specify the size of auxiliary loading to be connected for either Zn or Wye connected primary windings. If the option is to have a two winding transformer with no secondary load, advise if the delta winding can be "buried" (that is not brought out) or if only one bushing is to be brought out for grounding to the tank or testing.

· Basic overall construction features - note the following features as they apply to each transformer
· Compartmental Padmount transformer with integral tamperproof compartment or substation design
· Outdoor or indoor
· Fluid type- mineral oil, silicone, Envirotemp FR3
· Connectivity -dead front, live front, spade terminals, location of terminals - cover or sidewall , exposed or enclosed, etc
· Temperature rise is assumed to be 65'C
· Site elevation or environmental concerns
· Special paint as required
· Neutral Ground Resistors - The rated voltage of the NGR should be equal to the line to ground voltage of the grounding transformer. The current rating and duration should match the grounding transformer ratings. Remember to set the current rating high enough to be above the cable charging current and grounding transformer magnetizing current.

Grounding Transformers - Electrical Design, Transformer Design, and Distribution Transformer Design

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GE Circuit Breakers

!: GE Circuit Breakers

Do you know and understand the different types of GE circuit breakers? After reading this article you will understand the four major types. The General Electric Company is an American corporation that leads the industry in creating and manufacturing innovative electronics products. Formed in 1890 by infamous Thomas Edison, GE quickly took over the market with key patents that stopped the competition in its tracks. There are various types of GE circuit breakers. Below I'll explain some of their most popular options.

1. EntelliGuard G GE Circuit Breakers

EntelliGuard G breakers are the newest and most innovative choice on the market today. This low-voltage device is known for its exceptional reliability along with its performance. Available in both 3 and 4-pole designs ranging in ratings between 400 and 6000 amps, they are extremely versatile and can be incorporated in practically all commercial and industrial buildings. They are definitely a great option to consider for your panel.

2. EntelliGuard TU Trip Units

Credit for reliability should be given to the new EntelliGuard TU Trip Units. These new trip units offer system protection and monitoring without compromising other important features such as selectivity. With response times under 100ms that are practically instantaneous. The system protects high-powered currents up to 100kA. They are a great option for your electrical system.

3. GE circuit breakers THQL

THQL GE circuit breakers come in both 1-inch and the exclusive 1/2-inch models. Each model is seen as a superior unit that will utilize panel space wonderfully. Whether you are upgrading your electrical panel or you are performing a new installation, THQL GE breakers save both money and space. The residential THQL GE breaker types range in designs and amperage. Be sure to find out which is appropriate for your project since there are several options. The 1/2-inch design comes in either 1 or 2 poles ranging from 15 to 50 amps. The THQL 1-inch comes in 1 to 3 pole designs ranging in amperage from 15 to 200 amps. With so many options, residential properties of all sizes can be powered.

4. GE GFCI Circuit Breakers

GFCI stands for Ground Fault Circuit Interruption. The National Electric Code requires that applications such as bathrooms, spas or garages must use GFCIs for protection against common overloads and ground faults. Because the applications requiring GFCI can cause serious harm to individuals if they are shocked, it is important to choose a trusted manufacturer when purchasing your units. GE GFCI products quickly shut off power when they detect a leak of electrical current that could cause serious shocks. Ranging in voltage ratings of 120 and 240 volts, these GE circuit breakers are well respected in the industry. They make a great choice for those areas that require the extra security.

It is important to do your research when selecting either GE industrial or GE residential breakers. Because GE Energy is well known for industrial and residential solutions, many consumers on either platform are choosing their products. Refer to the official GE website to learn more about their products then choose the amperage level and pole design that is compatible with your project. With the many options out there I hope this article has helped you understand some of the options this company has to offer.

GE Circuit Breakers

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How to Buy the Best Garage Doors and Garage Door Openers

!: How to Buy the Best Garage Doors and Garage Door Openers

Buying a garage door and opener can be both difficult and time-consuming. When buying a door or opener you are not just buying a product, you a buying a complete service that's why it very important that you choose a professional company to carry out all work and once the work is completed you need a team that is reliable and can always help you, if you do have a problem. Choosing a quality product is always cheaper in the long run, as service and labour costs are rising, we like to say do it once and do it right, and not only that, if you do it right it's always working you need it be, like when it's cold and raining or late at night.

To help choose the correct product here are some tips:

1. What types of materials are used in the product, steel, plastics, aluminum etc?

Some motors have steel or aluminum chassis, some brands use all plastic.

2. Product advantages, security, noise, safety etc. Does it have a build in safety system? Is it a smooth and quiet motor?

24v motors tend to be smoother and quieter. Advantage = great if you have a bedroom above or near the garage. Motors that reverse when they hit an obstruction are a must have.

3. What security features does it offer? How many security codes? Fixed or code hoping?

Rolling code and cope hoping remotes are more secure. Evey click of the remote chances the code offering greater protection. So selecting a remote with this feature would be wise.

4. Types of motors. Is it a Low voltage 24v or High voltage 240v?

Some brands use bigger transformers to increase motor size and power, others increase the motor size itself.

5. Servicing while under warranty? Is there an ongoing service charge to keep the warranty?

Some companies charge and require a yearly service call to retain the warranty, while others have no ongoing service charge costs to retain the warranty. This can save you hundreds of dollars over a period of time.

6. Is it using electronics limits, sensitivity etc that can reset? Or is it using manual adjustments?

Products that have manual adjustments are less likely to need servicing and are less likely to fail.

7. Cost of running? What power saving features does it offer?

24v motors (Low voltage) and LED courtesy lights are much cheaper to run compared to traditional lights and 240v motors.

8. How long do the globes last?

LED lights are long-lasting and cheap to run, saving you on your power bills.

All garage door and garage openers repairs should only be carried out by trained professionals, do it yourself repairs can not only be dangerous, they can be very expensive. Garage doors are the largest moving items in the family home. Regular service and maintenance is recommended and always select a company with expertise in the door industry.

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Transformer Protection

!: Transformer Protection

Transformers of varied sizes and configurations are at the heart of all power systems. As a critical and an expensive component of the power systems, transformers play an important role in power delivery and the integrity of the power system network as a whole. Transformers, however, have operating limits beyond which the transformer loss of life can occur. If subjected to adverse conditions there can be a heavy damage to the system and system equipment, besides intolerable interruption of service to the customers. Since the lead time for repair and replacement of transformers is usually very long, limiting the damage to faulted transformers is the foremost objective of transformer protection.

Economic impact of a transformer failure

• The direct economic impact of repairing or replacing the transformer.
• The indirect economic impact due to production loss.

Operating conditions like transformer overload, through faults, etc often result in transformer failure, highlighting a need for transformer protection functions, such as over excitation protection and temperature-based protection. Extended functioning of the transformer under abnormal condition such as faults or overloads can compromise the life of the transformer. Adequate protection should be provided for quicker isolation of the transformer under such conditions. The type of protection used should reduce the disconnection time for faults within the transformer and minimize the risk of catastrophic breakdown to simplify eventual repair.

Transformer Failure

The risk of a transformer failure is two-dimensional: the frequency of failure, and the severity of failure. Most often transformer failures are a result of "insulation failure". This category includes inadequate or defective installation, insulation deterioration, and short circuits, as opposed to exterior surges such as lightning and line faults.

Failures in transformers can be classified into
• Winding failures resulting from short circuits (turn-turn faults, phase-phase faults, phase-ground, open winding)
• Core faults (core insulation failure, shorted laminations)
• Terminal failures (open leads, loose connections, short circuits)
• On-load tap changer failures (mechanical, electrical, short circuit, overheating)
• Abnormal operating conditions (overfluxing, overloading, overvoltage)
• External faults

Other causes of transformer failure may include

Overloading - Transformers that experience a sustained loading that exceeds the nameplate capacity often face failure due to overloading.

Line Surge - Failure caused by switching surges, voltage spikes, line faults/flashovers, and other T&D abnormalities suggests that more attention should be given to surge protection, or the adequacy of coil clamping and short circuit strength.

Loose Connections - Loose connections, improper mating of dissimilar metals, improper torquing of bolted connections etc can also lead to failures in transformers.

Oil Contamination - Oil contamination resulting in sludging, carbon tracking and humidity in the oil can often result in transformer failure.

Design/Manufacturing Errors - This includes conditions such as: loose or unsupported leads, loose blocking, poor brazing, inadequate core insulation, inferior short circuit strength, and foreign objects left in the tank.

Improper Maintenance/Operation - Inadequate or improper maintenance and operation are a major cause of transformer failures. It includes disconnected or improperly set controls, loss of coolant, accumulation of dirt & oil, and corrosion.

External Factors - Several external factors like floods, fire explosions, lightening and moisture can be established as the causes of the failure as well.

Transformers Protection Best Practices

Transformer failures and safety hazards can be avoided or minimized by ensuring that the conductors and equipment are properly sized, protected and adequately grounded. Incorrect installation of transformers can result in fires from improper protection, as well as electric shock from inadequate grounding.

*Once the transformer is placed, the tank must be permanently grounded with a correctly sized and properly installed permanent ground.

*Access should be restricted to the transformer liquid-filled compartment in conditions of excessive humidity or rain.

* Dry air should be continuously pumped into the gas space if humidity exceeds 70%.

*Transformer should be given protection against rain such that no water gets inside.

*All equipment used in the handling of the fluid (hoses, pumps, etc.) should be clean and dry. If the insulating liquid for inspection is drawn out, its level should not go below the top of windings.

* Sufficient gas pressure must be maintained to allow a positive pressure of 1 psi to 2 psi at all times (even at low ambient temperature) when liquid-filled transformers are stored outside.

* Final inspection of the transformer is essential before it is energized. All electrical connections, bushings, draw lead connections should be checked.

* Upon loading the transformer should be kept under observation during the first few hours of operation. All temperatures and pressures should be checked in the transformer tank during the first week of operation.

* Surge arresters must be installed and connected to the transformer bushing / terminals with the shortest possible leads to protect the equipment from line switching surges and lightning.

Transformer Protection

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New ITW Linx Surgegate 4 LAN Line Protected Outlet AC Protection Transformer Wall Or Floor Mount

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New ITW Linx Surgegate 4 LAN Line Protected Outlet AC Protection Transformer Wall Or Floor Mount

SurgeGate 4 LAN by ITW Linx. The design of this product is very exquisite and beautiful. This item has high quality with reasonable price. Exceptional customer service and unparalleled product expertise. Satisfaction Ensured.

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Transformers the earth - the power of design, planning and design of distribution transformer, transformer

!: Transformers the earth - the power of design, planning and design of distribution transformer, transformer

Grounding is clearly one of the most important aspect of the electrical design, but it continues unabated, misinterpreted and misunderstood. Multi-million dollar loss and liability due to the arc of the earth, so that issues relating to land in the top lists, checking electrical contractor.

Grounding Transformers

In other words, the grounding transformer is used, a dirt road that is a baseless "Y" or delta system. Groundingtransformers are generally used:

Enter a relatively low impedance path to ground, thereby maintaining the system neutral or near ground potential Limit the size of ground faults surge restart Provide a source of fault current during line-to-ground faults Allows the connection of the neutral section you want to load

If a line-to-ground fault occurs on a grounded or isolated, there is no reverseshort-circuit current, so no current flows. The system still works, but the other two fault lines do not enhance tensions in the square root of 3, causing an overload of isolation transformers and other related Components, the system is 173%. MOV arrester is particularly sensitive to heat damage caused by leaking through the blocks, although growth is not enough voltage to flash over. Transformer grounding provides the path to the ground to avoidthis.

Large wind farms provide many examples of the use of the transformer grounded to protect against errors in the lines is not well founded. A lot of wind the transformer is the source of the post only because of the distribution system. When an earth leakage circuit breaker will cause the collector to a cable in the cable channel is open, the wind becomes isolated from the supply chain from source to ground.

The wind does not always detect that error, or a stringisolated and grounded, and the generator to continue to energize the cable collector, and tensions between the non-cable failure, and the rising ground above the normal amount of stress, as described above. Transformer grounding placed on-line turbine provides a dirt road, where the chain is isolated from system ground.

Construction:

grounding transformers are generally built up

Liquidation Z (Zn) with or without relatedauxiliary winding or The Wye (YND) related to the delta winding side, that may or may not be used for auxiliary power

The geometry of the Zig-Zag beneficial relationship by limiting the movement of the third harmonic and can be used without being connected to the winding-up or Delta 4 - or 5-leg base design is usually for the purpose of distribution and power transformers. Eliminating the need for a secondary coil, that this option is cheaper and smaller thansimilar to the two transformer windings to the ground. In addition, the use of Zig-Zag transformer provides the earth with a minor in a two winding transformer is Wye-Delta is the same zero impedance.

Grounded Wye transformer, on the other hand, need or a delta connected secondary or application of the basic 4 or 5 feet building to a flow path back to the unbalanced load with the primary relationship. Since it is often desirableAuxiliary transformer secondary and the earth, this advantage may affect the user enters the transformer is grounded in a relationship instead of two rolls of Zig-Zag. The current trend in the design of the wind farm is connected to the Wye primary and secondary, in the delta.

It is important to understand that two and two Zig-zag grounding transformer winding can be seen that the additional power connector, and it could be either a star or delta connectedthe load.

The transformer is an entrenched system of land offers a number of security enhancements to the system is grounded. However, the soil is not only the transformer capacity limitation of the current system, the grounding resistance. For this reason, the neutral ground resistor is often used in conjunction with limiting the powers of the transformer grounded neutral ground fault current. Ohm value should be that the ground fault current large enough to function reliablyequipment protection relays, but low enough to minimize thermal damage.

Determines how the transformer is grounded

The basic parameters of a transformer, the land must be borne in mind:

Primary voltage - the voltage of the grounding system must be connected to liquidation. Do not forget to add the LIB as well. In some Cases, BIL will be dictated by considerations of equipment, such as the 150-kV BIL ratings windfarms 34500 Sun due to the limitation of deathfirst contact. Rated KVA - Because of the transformer and the ground is a tool, usually of short duration, size and cost is lower than a continuous duty transformer of equal kVA. For this reason, the size of the transformers are often not grounded "but the continuous power handling and a short time during the current assessment. No matter how you rate, the land of the transformer must be sized to carry the rated continuous current without exceeding primary phase in the temperature limit. This awardincludes the core magnetization current, the capacitive charging current of the cables, and any additional charges if applicable. More than this value, the transformer will be larger and more expensive. Typical constant current values ​​can be as low as 5 amps to as high as several hundred. Do not forget to claim any additional loads. Continued neutral current - DC three times the current definition of a neutral phase, or in other words, the sequence of zerocurrent. This is generally considered invalid if the system is in balance. However, the design of a transformer is grounded, it is a value that is expected to flow through the neutral circuit without a protection circuit tripping (which will force the current to zero) or the earth leakage current, which is not a symmetric function. Again, this value is necessary for the design of the heat capacity of the transformer grounded. Short-circuit current duration - This value is requiredcalculate the heating time results in less error in the system and must be determined from a study of the construction system. Typical values ​​from a few hundred amperes to several thousand amperes of seconds, not cycles. For example, typical value of 400 amperes for 10 seconds. The duration of the loss of a critical parameter for the design of the transformer. When the protection systems of the earth to the transformer tripping functionality in a relatively short period of timespecified duration (5 -10 seconds). On the other hand, because of the continuous or sustained period of neutral current would be needed if the transformer is used to earth ground fault alarm. Impedance - The impedance can be expressed as a percentage value, or ohms per phase. In both Cases must be chosen so that the phase voltages do not blame him when the earth is temporary capacity-voltage equipment and associated processing, such asarrester and the terminal connectors. Since this description, the range of values, only 8% to almost 100%. This value must come from the system designer. Primary connection - Specify the type of primary contact or zig-zag grounded Wye. Secondary connection - Specify the secondary voltage and a good connection. Specify the size of the additional load must be connected to either Zn-or Wye connected primary windings. If the possibility that twotransformer secondary winding is vacuum condition in the delta winding can be "buried" (not shown), or a jack to raise the ground or the shell of the investigation.

· Services basic general construction - note the following features that apply to each processor
· Transformer built-in tamper-proof compartment stand compartmentalized design position
· Outdoors or inside
° Fluid type of mineral oil,Silicone Envirotemp FR3
· Connectivity pre-outs, live clips, location of terminals - and covers the flanks, exposed, or closed, etc.
• Temperature growth is assumed to 65'C
Site · rise, or environmental concerns
Painting requires special ·
· Resistance neutral ground - the nominal voltage of the NGR should be equal to the line and the earth grounding transformer. The current rating and the duration should becorrespond to the dimensions of the transformer grounded. Do not forget the current rating high enough to exceed the charging cable and a grounding transformer magnetizing current.

Transformers the earth - the power of design, planning and design of distribution transformer, transformer

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